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Tobias Eidelpes 2020-03-28 11:23:05 +01:00
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chapters/methods.tex
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@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ specification to include where and how a particular resource can be found.
\glspl{URI} consist of multiple parts: \glspl{URI} consist of multiple parts:
\begin{enumerate} \begin{enumerate}
\item a scheme (in some cases a specific protocol), \item a scheme (in some cases a specific protocol),
\item an optional authority (network host or domain name), \item an optional authority (network host or domain name),
\item a path (a specific location on that host), \item a path (a specific location on that host),
\item an optional query and \item an optional query and
\item an optional fragment preceded by a hashtag (a sub resource pointing to \item an optional fragment preceded by a hashtag (a sub resource pointing to
a specific location within the resource) a specific location within the resource)
\end{enumerate} \end{enumerate}
To access a section called \texttt{introduction} in a blog post named To access a section called \texttt{introduction} in a blog post named
@ -116,11 +116,11 @@ user identifier. Once the \emph{submit} button has been clicked, the identifier
is sent to the server along with the data the user has filled in. is sent to the server along with the data the user has filled in.
\begin{listing} \begin{listing}
\inputminted[frame=lines,framesep=2mm,bgcolor=light-gray,baselinestretch=1.2,fontsize=\scriptsize,linenos]{html}{code/hidden-web-form.html} \inputminted[frame=lines,framesep=2mm,bgcolor=light-gray,baselinestretch=1.2,fontsize=\scriptsize,linenos]{html}{code/hidden-web-form.html}
\caption{Example of an \gls{HTTP} form containing a hidden field with \caption{Example of an \gls{HTTP} form containing a hidden field with
\texttt{id=userId}. The id is set by the web server dynamically so that every \texttt{id=userId}. The id is set by the web server dynamically so that every
visitor has his/her unique identifier attached to the form.} visitor has his/her unique identifier attached to the form.}
\label{lst:hidden web form} \label{lst:hidden web form}
\end{listing} \end{listing}
\subsection{HTTP Referer} \subsection{HTTP Referer}
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ web page and the current web page is sent as a \gls{URL} in the \gls{HTTP}
Referer field. The header with the referrer information gets attached to the Referer field. The header with the referrer information gets attached to the
\gls{HTTP} request which is sent to the server. The server responds with the \gls{HTTP} request which is sent to the server. The server responds with the
requested web page and can establish a link from the original web page to the requested web page and can establish a link from the original web page to the
new web page. When applied to a majority of the requests on a site, the new web page. When applied to a majority of the requests on a site, the
resulting data can be analyzed for promotional and statistical purposes. resulting data can be analyzed for promotional and statistical purposes.
\citeauthor{malandrinoPrivacyAwarenessInformation2013} have shown that the \citeauthor{malandrinoPrivacyAwarenessInformation2013} have shown that the
\gls{HTTP} Referer is one of the most critical factors in leaking \gls{PII} \gls{HTTP} Referer is one of the most critical factors in leaking \gls{PII}
@ -283,15 +283,15 @@ user agent \cite[Section 4.1.2.3]{barthHTTPStateManagement2011}. The same-origin
policy applies to cookies, disallowing access by other domains. policy applies to cookies, disallowing access by other domains.
\begin{listing} \begin{listing}
\inputminted[frame=lines,framesep=2mm,bgcolor=light-gray,baselinestretch=1.2,fontsize=\scriptsize,linenos]{http}{code/session-cookie-header} \inputminted[frame=lines,framesep=2mm,bgcolor=light-gray,baselinestretch=1.2,fontsize=\scriptsize,linenos]{http}{code/session-cookie-header}
\caption{An example of an \gls{HTTP} header setting a session cookie.} \caption{An example of an \gls{HTTP} header setting a session cookie.}
\label{lst:session cookie header} \label{lst:session cookie header}
\end{listing} \end{listing}
\begin{listing} \begin{listing}
\inputminted[frame=lines,framesep=2mm,bgcolor=light-gray,baselinestretch=1.2,fontsize=\scriptsize,linenos]{http}{code/permanent-cookie-header} \inputminted[frame=lines,framesep=2mm,bgcolor=light-gray,baselinestretch=1.2,fontsize=\scriptsize,linenos]{http}{code/permanent-cookie-header}
\caption{An example of an \gls{HTTP} header setting a permanent cookie.} \caption{An example of an \gls{HTTP} header setting a permanent cookie.}
\label{lst:permanent cookie header} \label{lst:permanent cookie header}
\end{listing} \end{listing}
Distinguishing tracking and non-tracking cookies can be done with high accuracy Distinguishing tracking and non-tracking cookies can be done with high accuracy
@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ Several websites were found using Flash cookies to respawn already deleted
\cite{acarWebNeverForgets2014} automated detecting Flash cookies and access to \cite{acarWebNeverForgets2014} automated detecting Flash cookies and access to
them by monitoring file access with the GNU/Linux \emph{strace} tool them by monitoring file access with the GNU/Linux \emph{strace} tool
\cite{michaelStraceLinuxManual2020}. This allowed them to acquire data about \cite{michaelStraceLinuxManual2020}. This allowed them to acquire data about
Flash cookies respawning \gls{HTTP} cookies. Their results show that six of the Flash cookies respawning \gls{HTTP} cookies. Their results show that six of the
top 100 sites use Flash cookies for respawning. top 100 sites use Flash cookies for respawning.
Even though Flash usage has declined during the last few years thanks to the Even though Flash usage has declined during the last few years thanks to the
@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ development of the HTML5 standard, \citeauthor{buhovFLASH20thCentury2018}
Flash content is still served by 7.5\% of the top one million websites (2017). Flash content is still served by 7.5\% of the top one million websites (2017).
The W3Techs Web Technology Survey shows a similar trend and also offers an The W3Techs Web Technology Survey shows a similar trend and also offers an
up-to-date measurement of 2.7\% of the top ten million websites for the year up-to-date measurement of 2.7\% of the top ten million websites for the year
2020 \cite{w3techsHistoricalYearlyTrends2020}. Due to the security concerns in 2020 \cite{w3techsHistoricalYearlyTrends2020}. Due to the security concerns in
using Flash, Google's popular video sharing platform YouTube switched by default using Flash, Google's popular video sharing platform YouTube switched by default
to the HTML5 <video> tag in January of 2015 to the HTML5 <video> tag in January of 2015
\cite{youtubeengineeringYouTubeNowDefaults2015}. In 2017 Adobe announced that they \cite{youtubeengineeringYouTubeNowDefaults2015}. In 2017 Adobe announced that they
@ -425,11 +425,11 @@ trackers to open an information sharing channel between each other without
necessarily having to know the website the user visits. necessarily having to know the website the user visits.
\begin{figure}[ht] \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering \centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{cookiesyncing} \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{cookiesyncing}
\label{fig:cookie synchronization} \label{fig:cookie synchronization}
\caption{Cookie Synchronization in practice between two trackers \caption{Cookie Synchronization in practice between two trackers
\emph{cloudflare.com} and \emph{google.com}.} \emph{cloudflare.com} and \emph{google.com}.}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
An example of how Cookie Synchronization works in practice is given in An example of how Cookie Synchronization works in practice is given in